However, due to the limited number of AD samples in our study, this association should be further verified in a larger cohort. The frequency of the two SNPs of miR146a in a different healthy population was also determined. We sought to collect data from a large representative sample and found that the rs2910164 allele frequency is highly heterogeneous among the different populations. The results of the case-control analysis in the EOAD/LOAD or ApoE subgroups remain preliminary due to the small number of subjects, and further investigation of the miR146a polymorphisms with a larger and more ethnically diverse population of AD patients is warranted. Due to the inconvenience of obtaining a number of brain samples, we only detected the influence of the two SNPs on the expression of miR146a and the production of IL-6 and IL-1b in PBMCs obtained from the healthy cases, and we are aware that the measurement of miR146a expression in the peripheral blood may not fully reflect its expression in the central nervous system. In addition to the functional polymorphisms of miR146a, other functional polymorphisms of other genes in each individual may also influence the production of IL-1b and IL-6, and this is a factor that we cannot exclude. In conclusion, our study identified a significant association between the rs57095329 polymorphism in the promoter of miR146a and the risk of AD for the first time. The AA genotype of the rs57095329 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk for cognitive decline in AD patients. Therefore, genetic variation in miR146a may play a role in the regulation of AD development. Our future studies will focus on the mechanisms underlying this connection, and the association between rs57095329 and AD should be further examined in a large sample and in different ethnic groups. Chronic kidney disease is a progressive and widely prevalent disorder worldwide. In the past decade, prevalence of CKD has doubled in the general population. Prevalence rates of moderate CKD were reported to range from 0.2% in 20–39 year-olds to 24.9% in. 70 year-olds in population-based studies from America, and similarly from Italy. End stage renal disease requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation is a frequent outcome in patients with CKD stage 3 and 4. CKD may progress toward ESRD which results in a significant reduction of patient and relatives quality of life due to increasing morbidity and disability, in addition to increasing healthcare costs. These observations underline the urgent need for strategies to prevent renal diseases. Worsening of renal function is often due to the use of MK-0683 HDAC inhibitor nephrotoxic drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Nephrotoxic drugs should therefore be avoided or used with caution in patients with underlying CKD.