To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that G-CSF-mediated mobilization of progenitors by GT3 is effective as a radiation mitigator when used to transplant critically irradiated and injured animals, and that the efficacy of such cells can be abrogated by administering a G-CSF antibody. This treatment option appears attractive based on studies in mouse model. Plants are sessile organisms that evolved remarkable signaling pathways in order to cope with several abiotic and biotic stresses such as pathogen attack. In one branch of the plant immune system there are nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat proteins in the cell that recognize a plethora of pathogen effectors from several kingdoms and activate a cascade of signaling pathways ultimately leading to effector triggered immunity. In Arabidopsis Columbia ecotype, the resistance gene RPP4 confers resistance to the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolates Emwa1 and Emoy2, which involves multiple defense signaling components, including the NPR1 protein among others. Some plant immune responses are associated with NPR1 protein conformational changes induced by redox levels. NPR1 is a well-known master regulator of pathogenesis related gene expression and salicylic acid signaling. NPR1 protein resides in the cytoplasm as an oligomer maintained by disulphide bonds that are sensitive to redox changes. Reduction of disulphide bonds cause NPR1 monomer migration to the nucleus and activation of PR gene expression. NPR1 also works upstream of SA suppressing expression of ICS1 and inhibiting SA biosynthesis in a negative feedback loop. Thioredoxins are small cytosolic proteins that act as disulphide reductase proteins. In Arabidopsis, there are eight cytosolic types of TRXs, three of which have been related to pathogen attack: TRX-h2, TRX-h3 and TRXh5. Of these, TRX-h3 is the only one constitutively expressed. Reduction of the NPR1 oligomer-to-monomer reaction is catalyzed by cytosolic TRXs by the reduction of their intermolecular disulphide bonds. Incubation of NPR1-GFP protein extracts with recombinant TRX-h5 protein can increase the amount of NPR1-GFP monomer. The Nudix gene family comprises 29 homologs in Arabidopsis and is well conserved across several species and all domains of life. Its members contain a conserved Nudix box motif “GX5EX7REVXEEXGU” that catalyzes the hydrolytic breakdown of nucleoside diphosphates linked to other moieties by cleavage of chemical bonds. Nudix hydrolases have been shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleoside diphosphates such as nucleotide sugars and pyridine nucleotides such as NADH, NADPH and 8-oxo-GTP. Nucleoside diphosphates are key metabolic intermediates and signaling molecules that are often toxic to the cell. It has been proposed that Nudix hydrolases may have a role as house cleaning enzymes by Bortezomib getting rid of toxic, excessive nucleoside diphosphate and hence maintaining normal cellular homeostasis. Previous phylogenetic analysis of the Nudix gene family in Arabidopsis has further divided these into four subfamilies. AtNUDX8 appears in the fibroblast growth factor type Nudix enzyme subfamily in a monophyletic clade.