A study by Agricola et al suggests that mitral regurgitation is related to the presence of LV dyssynchrony that involves the posterior mitral leaflet. As shown in this study the transseptal activation in CHF patients with LBBB is not reversed by CRT but the LV septal breakthrough site changed from midseptal to apical-septal. This shift in LV septal breakthrough site may result in a resynchronization of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and therefore reduce mitral regurgitation. Nevertheless, for a better understanding this should be addressed by future studies. One limitation of this study is that delayed enhancement imaging was not performed and the relationship between scar characteristics and activation properties were not look at. Delayed enhancement imaging has been shown to predict the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intraventricular dyssynchrony. Therefore, the relationship between scar characteristics and activation properties warrants further investigation. Noninvasive imaging of ventricular endocardial and epicardial acivation is feasible by using NICE. NICE is effective in characterization of individual LV activation properties and may therefore help to further improve the identification of responders to CRT. Moreover, NICE has the potential to improve the response to CRT by facilitating an individual patient-specific pacemaker therapy. Hyperglycemia in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients is associated with an increased risk of complications and mortality from community acquired RG7204 cost pneumonia. Interestingly, in the absence of hyperglycemia, diabetes itself does not increase these risks. A number of possible explanations for the association between hyperglycemia and pulmonary infection exist, but the mechanisms are still unknown. The luminal surface of airway epithelia is covered by a thin layer of fluid, termed the airway surface liquid , and is normally sterile despite frequent exposure to bacteria, fungi and viruses. Inhaled and aspirated bacteria are cleared upon reaching this surface by mechanisms that include ASL antimicrobials, mucociliary clearance and other components of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition to these antimicrobial components, the ASL also contains factors that are required for bacterial growth, such as electrolytes, proteins, lipids, amino acids and oligo-/mono-saccharides, including glucose. It has been speculated that amino acid, peptide and sugar residue transporters contribute to lung host defense by clearing these compounds from the surface of the airways and alveoli and making them unavailable to bacteria. Recently, Baker et al. showed that the concentration of glucose in the ASL is increased in hyperglycemic non-diabetics and diabetics, and in humans with cystic fibrosis. In other studies, the same group demonstrated that the detection of glucose in bronchial aspirates of intubated patients correlated with the risk of MRSA infection.