A functionally compromised vasculature also precludes efficient delivery of oxygen and chemotherapeutics to the tumors. Furthermore, tumor hypoxia makes cancer cells resistant to radiation damage. Previous studies have shown that inhibition of VEGF signaling can “normalize” the blood vessels and therefore, overcome these pharmacokinetic barriers to drug and oxygen delivery. This study of the RB-K, RB-N and RB-KN mutants, however, has shown that RB can also inhibit apoptosis in proliferating cells. At present, we do not understand the mechanism through which RBKN inhibits etoposide-induced apoptosis. RB-KN retains the Cterminal E2F1/DP binding site, and may conceivably inhibit a subset of E2F1/DP-regulated promoters to inhibit apoptosis. Alternatively, RB-KN may sequester pro-apoptotic GSK212 factors other than E2F1, for example, the nuclear ABL tyrosine kinase that has been shown to promote DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Because RB-E2F1 and RBABL interactions are disrupted by RB-phosphorylation in proliferating cells , the anti-apoptotic activity associated with phosphorylated RB or RB-KN may not be accounted for by the inhibition of E2F-1 and ABL. Several types of vectors have recently been created that express optical imaging genes, e.g., firefly or Renilla and Gaussia luciferases as reporter genes to monitor gene expression in vivo also by means of gene induction. On one hand, the vast majority of mini-proteins contain one domain which lets them exert functions simply and directly through protein-protein interactions or binding DNA or RNA sequences. On the other hand, since mini-proteins require less to translate and fold, organisms use them to regulate relevant pathways and respond to subtle changes in the environment, which accords with the hypothesis that organisms tend to minimize costs of protein biosynthesis. Additionally, the amount of conserved proteins is less, but most of them are necessary for the survival of organisms, especially those phylum-shared and domain-shared ones. Another characteristic of mini-protein data is that although hypothetical proteins are the majority and the proteins with known functions are the minority, the functions of mini-proteins are diverse. As shown in Figure 2, mini-proteins are involved in broad functional classes, including information storage and processing, cellular processes and signalling, and metabolism. In fact, they are distributed in nearly all subclasses of three larger classes, except for RNA processing and modification, nuclear structure, cytoskeleton and extracellular structures. In summary, we present an experimental evidence-based mathematical model that provides insight into the regulation of pro-inflammatory gene by dynamic compressive forces in chondrocytes. The data demonstrates that the magnitude of biomechanical signals perceived by the cells is the critical event that controls the activation or inhibition of pro-inflammatory gene induction, in the presence or absence of an inflammatory stimulus.