A smaller protein is expressed in approximately equal levels before and after radiation exposure, while an even smaller protein species is exclusively present in irradiated cells. This is an interesting example, representative of multiple cases, in which we have observed the emergence of shorter isoforms of a same protein after epimastigote irradiation. The viral challenge induced the expression of a broad range of these genes, but strong inhibitions of some genes were also detected and, therefore, more investigations will be necessary in order to determine the role of the different ubiquitin-related proteins in the viral antigen presentation process. On the other hand, VHSV infection of vaccinated turbot showed only a moderate induction at 24 h of some of the genes up-regulated in non-vaccinated fish and, interestingly, some ubiquitin-ligases upregulated in both groups of non-vaccinated fish were significantly down-regulated in vaccinated individuals, especially E3 ubiquitinprotein ligase NEURL3 and Protein neuralized. Apart from CHOP, PON2 also diminished intrinsic apoptosis as it prevented mitochondrial superoxide formation, cardiolipin peroxidation, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Oxidized lipids can also induce proinflammatory genes, such as TNF-a and MCP-1, via NF-kB activation. Therefore one possibility is that less placental PON2 would result in more oxidized lipids and more NF-Kb activation which would promote labour. PON2 also inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice, via mechanisms involving the reduction of oxidative stress.The transformation of epimastigotes into metacyclic trypomastigotes is a complex process of differentiation, requiring a controlled production of various proteins.