These improved tools will undoubtedly increase the accuracy and efficiency of invasive species management programs for SC and BHC in the BMS 605541 future. Recognized as a species complex, Rs is phylogenetically classified into four groups, called phylotypes, that take into account the phylogeography and evolutionary histories of the various strains. A recently proposed taxonomic revision divides the Rssc into three genomic species. While phylotype II is classified as a separate genomic species, its name remains R. solanacearum. The Rssc comprises strains that are capable of causing wilt in Musaceae plants and that cluster into two distant phylogenetic groups: Moko disease-causing strains reported from Latin America, Asia, and the Philippines and the BDB originating in Indonesia and Malaysia. Systemic vascular infection by Rs induces BMS 299897 symptoms that begin with the yellowing of leaves and tissue necrosis and that lead to a general collapse of the plant. The fruits are inedible and exhibit internal vascular discoloration. Specific symptoms can be observed, particularly with BDB, which produces a reddish coloration of the vascular ring in the fruit. Bugtok disease only affects the floral bud, leading to hardening of the fruit. Phylotype II harbors the largest number of epidemiologically active ecotypes, such as Brown rot, Moko, NPB, and Granville wilt. As a working definition, the phylotypes are further subdivided into sequevars. The Moko disease-causing strains are paraphyletic and have historically clustered into four sequevars: IIA-6, IIA-24, IIB-3, and IIB-4. The pathological variant IIB-4NPB was first reported in diseased anthurium in Martinique and was phylogenetically assigned to the Moko lineage IIB-4. These strains are variants that are not pathogenic to bananas but that demonstrate a host range that expands to Cucurbitaceae. The Moko-associated strains, in addition to being soil-borne and transmitted through wounds and cuttings, can also be actively transmitted by insects through the bud ; the pathogen then migrates down into the plant, leading to symptoms that start with fruit decay and end in plant collapse. In addition to these two groups, the epidemiological 4NPB lineage variant, which is grouped into the Moko sequevar IIB-4 lineage, does not cause wilt on Cavendish or plantain bananas; instead, this variant establishes itself and moves within the vascular tissues of plantains, even via soil-borne contamination, as it establishes a latent infection through the root system.