Insertion/deletion polymorphisms and the last 7 bp of the coding region INCB18424 downstream of the large insertion in the glabrous haplotype were not included in the analyses. The sequences of GL1, DEGP1 and AT3G27910 for A. lyrata were obtained from the A. lyrata genome database and used as an outgroup for Fu & Li��s D and F tests. We also performed a coalescent-based neutrality test for GL1 using Haploconfig software . In this method, the haplotype frequency distribution, or haplotype configuration, is generated by coalescent simulation under various demographic scenarios, and the observed data are compared with simulated genealogies to test the deviation from neutrality. We employed this haplotype-based test to investigate whether hairy or glabrous haplotype shows a unique pattern of polymorphism . We generated 1,000,000 genealogies by a coalescent simulation conditional on the number of synonymous segregation sites observed. In this test, synonymous insertion/deletion polymorphisms were included as single segregating sites. No recombination was assumed, and the scaled mutation rate h was derived from the average of the five reference genes. Because the demographic history of the study population is not known, simulations were run under various population history assumptions. In the Haploconfig software, the population size is expressed as follows: given N as the present population size, the population size in the past was Nexp , where t is a time unit of N generations . In the simulation, the population growth parameter b varied from 0 to 10 . The leaf beetle P. brassicae attacked the leaves, flowers, flower buds, young fruits and apical meristems of A. halleri subsp. gemmifera in the flowering season. Compared to plants with an intact apical meristem in the main inflorescence, damage on the apical meristem decreased fruit production by 20.2% and 18.3% in 2005 and 2006, Adriamycin Topoisomerase inhibitor respectively . Nearly half of the plants studied did not produce any fruit . Thus, herbivory by P. brassicae larvae strongly reduced plant fitness by directly damaging reproductive organs. We then examined the effect of trichomes on the abundance of P. brassicae larvae.