The present study exceeds by far the total number of hip fractures in previous cohort studies and also had the possibility to study a large number of fractures of any type. One of the most Bis(heptyl)-cognitin dihydrochloride important strengths of our study is that we had the opportunity to collect data from a large population-based cohort of middle-aged and elderly men during a mean follow-up of 11.3 years. Such a follow-up is sufficiently long to observe an adequate number of fractures. Because all fractures were identified by the use of registers, we believe that the risk of not having detected men with a fracture during follow-up is small. There was considerable variation in consumption of coffee in this cohort with a large number of participants consuming high amounts of coffee, which improves the chances of detecting associations. In this context it should be noted that the consumption of decaffeinated coffee is very low in Sweden. Moreover, we did not focus on intake of caffeine, but on consumption of coffee, which might be NHI-2 another advantage in that several studies have indicated that tea could have a positive influence on BMD and fracture risk, probably because of the fluoride, phytoestrogen or antioxidant content of tea. Finally, it should be possible to generalise our results to all men in Sweden because the participants well represent the source population. We also acknowledge a number of potential limitations. Because this investigation is based on data from one single FFQ, some degree of error in the exposure measurement cannot be excluded. Attenuation of a true association is likely in that the potentially resulting misclassification probably would be non-differential. Fractures associated with high trauma were not excluded because a comparable increased risk of both low- and high-trauma fracture with decreasing bone density in the elderly has been indicated. However, there has been discourse as to whether inclusion of both high and low impact fractures will result in a lower risk estimate compared with low trauma fractures only. Despite controlling for known major risk factors for fractures, including comorbidity, it is still possible that residual confounding could have influenced the results of this study.