The urinary citrate levels decreased in the WF group compared with the control group but increased in the PF group compared with the WF group. Considering this result, the tricarboxylic acid cycle was altered in rats. The creatine levels decreased in WF compared with the control group. However, the creatine levels increased in the PF group compared with the WF group. Creatine supplies energy to muscles in vertebrates in the form of stored creatine phosphate. The creatine levels in the animals are synthesized de novo in the liver by the use of amino acids, such as arginine, glycine, and methionine. Therefore, PF and WF consumption can affect energy metabolism in rats. The exposure in PF and WF can alter amino acid metabolism. In the present study, plasma TP and tyrosine were decreased by WF supplementation, which implies that WF PF-04217903 inquirer inhibits protein synthesis. This result is in agreement with that of previous study, which states that wheat bran can reduce nitrogen utilization in rats. Consequently, more amino acids were decreased in protein synthesis, leading to decreased levels of the amino acids present in plasma. In this research, the levels of plasma lysine, methionine, glutamate, and glutamine were reduced, which agrees with the function of WF in decreasing the protein synthesis in rats. Glutamine activates signaling pathways to promote protein synthesis and eventually animal growth and development. Moreover, results showed that levels of branched-chain amino acids were decreased by PF and WF supplementation. These amino acids are recognized as key metabolites associated with protein synthesis and cell growth. Furthermore, urinary citrulline and XL880 side effects N-acetylglutamate levels were increased by PF and WF consumption. Citrulline is an amino acid produced from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle. This amino acid is obtained from arginine as a by-product of the reaction catalyzed by the NOS family. In this reaction, arginine is first oxidized into N-hydroxyl-arginine and oxidized further to citrulline in conjunction with the release of nitric oxide. Urea has a critical function in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds. N-acetylglutamate is required for the normal function of the urea cycle, and the variations in its concentration affect urea production rate and other substrates for urea synthesis. In comparison with the WF group, the PF group showed an increasing trend in BUN. This finding is in accordance with the present study, which denotes that PF leads to more daily body weight. Moreover, PF decreased urinary N-acetylglutamate levels compared with WF.