Those LY2109761 700874-71-1 studies sought to simulate, as closely as possible, future conditions of ocean acidification. In contrast, the situation at the Myora Springs site, where the exposure to low pH conditions is intermittent, is probably not an accurate simulation of anthropogenic ocean acidification. Nevertheless, these are naturally occurring low pH conditions, a type of “coastal acidification”, which may have existed at Myora Springs for at least the last 105,000 years and is common at other coastal groundwater discharge sites. Based on these findings we would predict that such sites would be popular feeding grounds for seagrass grazers seeking to reduce their exposure to soluble phenolics. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a slow and progressive loss of neurons within the central nervous system. They generally occur in later life, are often associated with deficits in brain function and are defined as hereditary and sporadic conditions; with the majority of being non-familial. There are hundreds of disorders that could be described as neurodegenerative diseases. Many are rare, a few are common and include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s disease and multiple system atrophy, and these, particularly when combined together, represent one of the most critical health concerns currently impacting developed countries. Neurodegenerative diseases often extend over a decade prior to death, but the actual onset of neurodegeneration may silently precede clinical manifestations by numerous years; for AD by as much as two or three decades. Specific environmental factors and lifestyle are considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. These can occur during early life and remain quiescent. Previous studies have reported that exposure to extremely lowfrequency electromagnetic fields can alter animal behavior, cerebral blood flow in aged AD transgenic mice, and modulate gene expression, cell differentiation and survival of neural cell populations. An elevated risk of neurodegenerative diseases has been reported in some subjects with occupational exposure to ELF-EMF at magnetic field levels comparable with those present in some residential areas. In general, however, epidemiological studies have largely failed to find strong positive associations between neurodegenerative disease occurrence and EMF exposure. This could be due to multiple issues that include the wide variability of exposure levels between individuals, the heterogeneic characteristics and small number of subjects studied, the intensity and time of EMF exposure, the target cell phenotype evaluated and, in particular, the selection and appropriateness of endpoints appraised. In light of these considerations, there is strong rationale to evaluate mechanisms via which EMFs may impact neuronal processes to focus epidemiological studies and support the selection of defined future endpoints. Albeit that human data bears the most direct relevance to human disease, its interpretation is often difficult. Developing and testing hypotheses is generally more easily undertaken in cellular studies.