In conclusion, using CSP as a model, we were able to confirm that the HTVI/IVIS method enables the detection of hepatocytes that are killed as a consequence of presenting specific parasite antigens, and that this killing depends on CD8 + T cells. high throughput screening in vivo Furthermore, the data presented herein show that the use of a heterologous immunization strategy coupled with the HTVI/IVIS method constitutes a powerful tool to validate pre-erythrocytic antigens that contribute to the protection elicited by whole parasite vaccines. In particular, we confirmed that PyTmp21, which we previously identified as a novel pre-erythrocytic antigen, contributes to the protective immunity elicited by whole parasite vaccinations. Ultimately, the method described herein can be used to validate new malaria vaccine candidates and increase our understanding of how whole parasite immunization protects against malaria, thus paving the way for intelligent vaccine design. MicroRNAs function posttranscriptionally in regulating gene expression by inducing mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. More than 2000 human miRNAs have been identified, which are estimated to regulate most coding genes. miRNAs regulate genes involved in virtually all physiologic processes and play a critical role for miRNAs in normal lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, erythropoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis. Dysregulated miRNA expression and function contribute towards the pathogenesis of numerous hematologic diseases, including miR-29b in acute myeloid leukemia, miR-145 and miR-146a in the 5q- syndrome, mir-125b-2 in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, miR28 in myeloproliferative neoplasms and miR-155, miR-21 and miR-210 in B-cell lymphomas. Besides their importance in disease pathogenesis, miRNAs are increasingly appreciated as a sensitive class of disease biomarkers. miRNAs are relatively easy to measure and are reproducible over time. miRNAs are remarkably stable to extremes of pH, freezing and thawing, and are much more resistant to RNase than mRNA or ribosomal RNA. These characteristics most likely contribute to the ability of miRNA levels to predict disease activity and survival. Levels of specific platelet miRNAs discriminate essential thrombocytosis from reactive thrombocytosis and mark platelet hyper-responsiveness. miR-155 levels in B-cells strongly correlate with response to therapy and levels of miR-223 and miR-191 vary with the extent of platelet inhibition by thienopyridines and aspirin. Blood miRNAs circulate within cells, microvessicles, exosomes and bound to high-density lipoproteins or Argonaute protein. This systemic delivery enables cell-to-cell transfer of genetic information and alteration of gene expression in the recipient cell, as has been shown for T-cells to recipient antigen-presenting cells, platelets to endothelial cells, and gut epithelium to T-cells. Although endothelial, epithelial and perhaps other cells contribute to the extracellular blood miRNA content, most circulating miRNAs are derived from hematopoietic blood cells. To better understand the role of circulating miRNAs in the molecular.