During long-term containment, while the host shows no adverse signs of infection with limited host tissue damage. Thus, an antiinflammatory biased granuloma that promotes containment may be the best outcome for both the host and the bacteria once infection has persisted past the initial stages of the immune response. The balance of TNF-a and IL-10 concentrations in a granuloma presents a possible new avenue for treatment strategies. Granulomas that are ‘out of balance’ may need addition of antibodies or exogenous cytokines in order to shift from poorer outcomes and towards containment outcomes. The simulations analyzed here focused on relatively mature granulomas. Strategies to treat early developing and less mature granulomas may differ, although the likelihood of detection and of infection at such an early stage in a clinical setting is small. Anti-IL-10 and anti-IL-10R antibodies used in-vivo in the context of Mtb infection can result in increased bacterial control. Conversely, transgenic mice that overexpress IL-10 are more susceptible to Mtb infection and have an increased chance of reactivation. However, since containment of bacteria appears to be an optimal outcome for both the host and the pathogen, it is still unclear how to treat these granulomas. We also note that there are other cytokines and immune cells, for example TGF-b and neutrophils, that may influence the immune response to Mtb. Future studies could incorporate the dynamics of additional cytokines and immune cell types into an ABM to determine the effects of this complex milieu of cytokines interacting during Mtb infection. Our modeling approach in this work represents a critical step towards fully understanding the roles of TNF-a and IL-10 and their effects on long-term Mtb infection outcome. In addition, the hybrid agent-based model platform we developed will allow us to rapidly explore new treatment strategies to affect the immune response to Mtb, narrowing the large design space for future experiments. However, with rapid development of large-scale culture, frequent outbreaks of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and rickettsia-like organisms have led to catastrophic economic losses in cultured E. sinensis stocks. Characterizing immune Orbifloxacin molecules and understanding defense mechanism are useful to health management and disease control in crab aquaculture. Like other invertebrates, E. sinensis lacks adaptive immune system and mainly depends on innate immunity. Innate immune system provides a first line for host to defense against invading pathogens. It is composed of cellular responses like phagocytosis and encapsulation, and humoral responses that produce immunerelated factors. Immune relevant genes, such as crustin, cathepsin L, prophenoloxidase, C-type lectin and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, have been separately cloned and characterized from E. sinensis. However, knowledge about immune system of E. sinensis is still fragmentary and different signaling pathways implicated in immune response also remain incomplete. To date, genome sequence of any crab species is still unavailable, which limits resources of molecular information. In recent years, high-throughput RNA-sequencing, including Solexa/Illumina, Roche/454 and ABI/SOLiD, has offered high-effective technology for analysis of gene expression, discovery of novel transcripts, identification of differentially expressed genes and others. The powerful technology provides a new 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol opportunity for studies of genome reference-free species and non-model organisms. In this context, 
considerable efforts have been made to research hepatopancreas transcriptome of microbial challenged E. sinensis by high-throughput sequencing technology.