Reduction of activated eNOS in renal tubules might alter renal microcirculatory dynamic, which then exacerbates renal microenvironmental ischemia. In human study, elevated eNOS expression in the renal vessels and tubules is associated with recovery from ischemia. Furthermore, eNOS inhibits cellular senescence, and reduces oxidative stress. Downregulation of Mas receptor/peNOS by IS might be responsible for the renal toxicity of IS, such as oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and abnormal oxygen consumption. For therapeutic purposes, non-small cell lung cancer has traditionally been regarded as a single disease. However, recent evidences suggest that the two major subtypes of NSCLC, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are heterogeneous in many clinical aspects. AC responds to chemotherapy better than SCC, but it has a greater tendency to relapse in the form of distant metastases than SCC. After surgical resection, AC has higher rates in recurrence and mortality than SCC in Western countries, but in East Asia AC has better prognosis. Fundamental discrepancies in tumor biology of NSCLC subtypes may be a primary factor determining the differential clinical manifestation. Both tumor vascularity and glucose metabolism are important aspects of the tumor biology. Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from existing blood vessels, and vasculogenesis, the de novo generation of blood vessels are the two primary methods of vascular expansion by which nutrient supply to tissues is adjusted to match physiological needs. Pathological angiogenesis is critical for growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. The phenomena known as the ‘Warburg Effect’ was described by Otto Warburg during his lifetime of work into cellular metabolism and respiration. He recognized that glucose can be metabolized either by combination with oxygen, i.e. respiration, or by glycolysis to produce lactate. He also observed that a change from oxidative phosphorylation to the less energy efficient glycolysis, even in the presence of an adequate supply of oxygen, is a fundamental property of the metabolism of cancer cells and that the rate of glycolysis correlated with tumor growth. Today, Warburg’s findings underpin the principles of tumor imaging with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Although tumor vascularity and glucose metabolism tightly coupled in most normal tissues, many studies have shown that the relationship between vascular physiology and glucose metabolism is not well matched in tumors. The balance between tumor blood flow and metabolism will be an important indicator of the biological status of a tumor and hence the tumor’s likely progression and response to treatment. There is an increasing opportunity to perform multifunctional imaging at a variety of organ sites with relatively short examination times. Each technique yields quantitative parameters that reflect specific aspects of the underlying tumor or tissue biology. Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using small molecular weight gadolinium chelates enables non-invasive imaging characterization of tissue vascularity.